This study utilizes the longitudinal survey data to investigate the age group differences in the impact of changes in family structure on the mortality risk of rural older adults. The results show that ‘always being in a linear family’ significantly reduced the mortality risk of older adults. ‘Changing from a linear family to a one-person family or a conjugal nuclear family’ resultes in a decline of the mortality risk of the older adults under age 75 while lead to an increase after controlling the intergenerational support and health condition. It also increases the mortality risk of the older adults above age 75. ‘Changing from a one-person family or a conjugal nuclear family to a linear family’ significantly reduces the mortality risk of the older adults above age 75. The results reveal that Chinese society is in a period of transition and coexistence of traditional and relatively modern family structures. Changes in family structure based on respect and care for life that meet the multi-dimensional care needs of the older adults benefit the health and life expectancy of older adults. Supporting the health development of younger older people under the changes of family structure will also lead to better health conditions when they grow much older in the future, thus further promote the realization of a healthy aging society in China.

Drawing upon data from “Well-being of Elderly People in Anhui Province Survey” from 2001 to 2015，this paper explores the dynamic relationship between household composition change and elderly people’s subjective well being (self-rated health and life satisfaction).The results show that the influence of household composition change on the subjective well-being of the elderly depends on their age.For the younger-old age period of the elderly，the presence of grandchildren in household composition change has a positive impact on the subjective well-being of the elderly，whereas the household composition change in which elderly live alone or only live with their children，the subjective well-being of the elderly improves more slowly.For the oldest-old age period of the elderly，the five kinds of household composition change significantly deteriorates the development level of the subjective well-being of the elderly.The life satisfaction of the elderly shows a non-linear development with age.During the whole life-cycle of the elderly，the subjective concept，self-efficacy，and the family roles of elderly people differentiate the influence of household composition change on older people's subjective well-being，and the household composition change has selection effects on the older people’s health.

In conducting a more extensive and in-depth analysis of the new two-child policy, this article summarizes the results from the existing studies, and provides new interpretations and rethinking of the new family planning policy by looking at China’s fertility level with lifetime and regional perspective. Research shows that women’s lifetime fertility level is not as low as the period fertility level, and China has not fallen into the “low fertility trap”. A fundamental feature of China’s fertility pattern is the large regional differences. Adjustment of fertility policy needs an overall consideration. It is too early to suggest that the new fertility policy has had effects that are far below expectations when the policy has just been implemented for one year. The new fertility policy is transitional, and plays a role of reducing birth accumulation when moving to a universal two-child policy. Policy adjustment and change will bring about a full range of social impacts.

Using data from the 3-wave survey "Well-being of the elderly in Anhui Province" conducted in 2001,2003 and 2006 by the Institute for Population and Development Studies of Xi’an Jiaotong University,and employing individual growth models with the nested-structure data,this study investigates the dynamic influence of intergenerational support on life satisfaction of the rural elderly in China.Results show that receiving financial support from adult children,receiving and providing intergenerational assistance with household chores from and to adult children,and stronger emotional cohesion with children can increase the trend of life satisfaction.In the process of the influence on life satisfaction,receiving financial support could substitute for receiving the intergenerational assistance with household chores from the adults.This study reveals that benefit reinforcing effects derived from the main effect models are the influential mechanism of intergenerational support on life satisfaction of the elderly.